You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. /N 8 Introducing Cram Folders! If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /ImageC In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. ] The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. 2. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. The participants were 71 male students in totality. Like Explorable? << FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking correct. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. (p.47) This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. KING, B.T. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. 3. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. enjoyable than the others would. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. 0000094931 00000 n The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. June 22, 2015 gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Please sign in to share these flashcards. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. Yet no one calls the police. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. From this point on they diverged somewhat. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Oct. 2011. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Half of the Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. Cite details from the essay that support your response. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. (Goleman, 1991). Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." xref Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? ---------------------References: The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. 51 0 obj OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. How are these 100 people likely to respond? This is an example of_______ cause. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). This is an example of which rule of attraction? According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. 109 0 obj <>stream A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. Add to folder 80 0 obj <> endobj Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. A theory of cognitive dissonance. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] /H [ 658 210 ] You have created 2 folders. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. $K{.-hC ;{l8S they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Hum. <> In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. endstream A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. <> "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". JANIS, I.L. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? 0000000658 00000 n $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. Scott, W. A. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. I hope you did enjoy it. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. >> It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? (p.47). The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. >> Instead the opposite happened. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. Take it with you wherever you go. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task.
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