Thomas chaired the EEOC from 1982 to 1990. Bush in 1991. Gorsuch did not join the section of Thomas's opinion suggesting Batson should be overruled. He has rarely given media interviews during his time on the Court. If you found this page interesting or useful, please share it. Thomas has written that the "Cruel and Unusual Punishment" clause "contains no proportionality principle", meaning that the question whether a sentence should be rejected as "cruel and unusual" depends only on the sentence itself, not on what crime is being punished. He is often described as the Court's most conservative member, though others gave Justice Antonin Scalia that designation while they served on the Court together. After divorcing Kathy Grace Ambush, with whom he has one child, Jamal Adeen. Thomas's earliest known ancestors were slaves named Sandy and Peggy, who were born in the late 18th century and owned by wealthy planter Josiah Wilson of Liberty County, Georgia. Looking for Clarence Thomas. A petition to impeach Thomas, hosted on MoveOn, had gathered more than 1,245,000 signatures by July 29, 2022, after the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack requested that Ginni Thomas testify about her reported connections to Donald Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 election. Thomas was a beneficiary of Yales affirmative action policy, which offered opportunities to minority students. Atlanta, GA hosted the 1996 Centennial Summer Olympic Games. The Senate vote is delayed for a week after Thomas asks for time to clear his name and to bolster support for his nomination. In 2021, he celebrated 30 years on the court. In 1987, Thomas married Virginia Lamp, a lobbyist and aide to Republican Congressman Dick Armey. Thomas received a degree in English in1971 from College of the Holy Crossin Massachusetts and received his law degree from Yale Law School in 1974. He voted with the majority in Citizens United v. FEC. Thomas argued that Hamdan was an illegal combatant and therefore not protected by the Geneva Convention and agreed with Scalia that the Court was "patently erroneous" in its declaration of jurisdiction in this case. Thomas was nominated by a Republican president, but itisnt clear if Thomas is a registered Republican. Immigrating to North America in 1765, Wilson taught Greek and rhetoric in the College of Philadelphia and then studied law under John Dickinson . Thomas's nomination was received by the Senate on May 28, 1981, and he was confirmed to the position on June 26, succeeding Cynthia Brown. Their strengths are adaptable, smart, cautious, acute, alert, positive, flexible, outgoing, and cheerful. Thomas, meanwhile, had begun a relationship with prosecutor Lillian McEwen in 1981 while he and his wife were separated. Thomass career was highlighted in his accusation of sexual harassment to his subordinate at EEOC, Anita Hill. In Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia (2020), Thomas joined Alito and Kavanaugh in dissenting from the decision that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination based on gender identity. In a statement to the National Law Journal Thomas remarks, This claim is preposterous and it never happened.. Thomas has called Anderson "the greatest man I have ever known." Thomas then experienced amenities such as indoor plumbing and regular meals for the first time. Since 1999, Thomas and his wife have traveled across the U.S. in a motorcoach between Court terms. The one time he spoke was to crack a joke on Yale college. Thomas was nominated by President George H.W. If you any have tips or corrections, please send them our way. WASHINGTON (AP) Justice Clarence Thomas remains hospitalized in Washington after being diagnosed with an infection but does not have COVID-19, the Supreme Court said Monday. They have an great desire to feel loved and appreciated in every part of their lives. Clarence Thomas was born in the middle of Baby Boomers Generation. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, he wrote a dissent defending term limits on federal House and Senate candidates as a valid exercise of state legislative power. Before that he held several positions in state and federal government, including an eight-year stint as chairman of the U.S. Possible use cases are in quizzes, differences, riddles, homework facts legend, cover facts, and many more. Law professor Jim Ryan and former litigator Doug Kendall have argued that Thomas "will use originalism where it provides support for a politically conservative result" but ignores originalism when "history provides no support" for a conservative ruling. Tuesday, December 06, 2022 at 5:01 PM by Julian Mireri. According to Thomas, the law firms also "asked pointed questions, unsubtly suggesting that they doubted I was as smart as my grades indicated." Then he was in the private sector to practice law. Yes, she is corrupt, just like Clarence Thomas. The next week, Thomas said the disclosure of his wife's income had been "inadvertently omitted due to a misunderstanding of the filing instructions". Thomas has said the reason he rarely speaks publicly is because he does not want any traces of it to come out in his speech, US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas is not a native English speaker and spoke exclusively the Gullah language until his teens. Well, one must either be illiterate or fraught with malice to reach that conclusion no honest reading can reach such a conclusion.". Robin has compared the way "Thomas has been dismissed as an intellectual nonentity" to similar insinuations made about Thurgood Marshall, "the only other black Supreme Court justice in American history." Clarence Thomas, (born June 23, 1948, Pinpoint, near Savannah, Georgia, U.S.), associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1991, the second African American to serve on the court. A motion earlier in the day to give the nomination a favorable recommendation had failed 77. Net Worth: Online estimates of Clarence Thomass net worth vary. The U.S. House and Senate dismissed the baseless accusations . Public perception of the likelihood of such QAnon-style conspiracy theories influencing a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court was widespread enough that President Joe Biden was asked whether Thomas should recuse himself from any January-6-related cases. Known For: Conservative Supreme Court justice, second Black person to serve on the Court (as of March 2021) Born: June 23, 1948, in Pin Point, Georgia Parents: M. C. Thomas and Leola Williams Education: College of the Holy Cross (B.A. That view contrasts with the belief that laws should be race-neutral because racial discrimination is no longer a serious problem in the United States. Their lucky numbers are 2, 3, and lucky colors are gold, blue, green. The total annual income of Clarence Thomas is not listed, however, besides being an integral part of the Supreme Court from where he draws his salary, he has various other sources of passive income. Clarence Thomas was born in the Year of the Rat. Discover all the facts that no one tells you about Clarence Thomas below . Hill's story simply never added up. During his time at the university, he made significant contributions to the field of astronomy, including the invention of the Celsius temperature scale. We also link to other websites, but are not responsible for their content. In November 2007, Thomas told an audience at Hillsdale College, "My colleagues should shut up!" Currently, he is still serving in the Supreme Court along with John Roberts who is the Chief Justice and was nominated by President George Bush as well. President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas as Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) the next year. They were the descendants of slaves, and the family spoke Gullah as a first language. He was a firm believer in the constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution. Clarence Thomas is known to possess more than six real estate properties and $2 million in government bonds and bank deposits. While there, Thomas helped found the Black Student Union. 1990-1991 - Judge for the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. That doctrine bars state commercial regulation even if Congress has not yet acted on the matter. Thomas is associated with the Court's conservative wing. by Thomas J. O'Halloran Biography Thurgood Marshall Occupation: Lawyer and Supreme Court Justice Born: July 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland Died: January 24, 1993 in Bethesda, Maryland Best known for: Becoming the first African-American Supreme Court Justice Biography: Where did Thurgood Marshall grow up? After his father abandoned the family, he was raised by his grandfather in a poor Gullah community near Savannah. They're also versatile, and a bit careless. Editorial credit: Rob Crandall / Shutterstock.com. He did the role for sixteen months. Thomas Edison killed a man by subjecting him to huge amounts of x-ray radiation through the use of his "flouroscope". Thomas became the Assistant Attorney General in Missouri in 1974. Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia, a small community outside Savannah. 1981-1982 - Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights in the Department of Education. Thomas is known as something of a conservative maverick. By New Interesting Facts. Thomas is discharged from the hospital on March 25. In 2009, she founded "Liberty Central" a now-defunct conservative advocacyorganization before starting a conservative lobbying firm, Liberty Consulting. In a line of hypothetical questioning during oral arguments on the Electoral College, Thomas brings up the Hobbit from the Lord of the Rings trilogy in a case that would decide whether states can bind presidential electors to vote for the states popular-vote winner. We recognise that not all activities and ideas are appropriate and suitable for all children and families or in all circumstances. Rachel Carson published her first story at age 10. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. With respect to the Establishment Clause, Thomas espouses accommodationism. This is needed so that they can develop a sense of security and identity. After graduation, Thomas studied for the Missouri bar at Saint Louis University School of Law. Anita Hill was not the only accuser who was in DC to testify that Clarence Thomas sexually harrassed her. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. 982(a)(1), the passenger would have had to forfeit the entire amount. Thomas is often considered the most conservative justice on the court. The young Thomas was raised in Savannah, Georgia. The public outspokenness and political activism of Thomas wife Ginni, who runs a political consulting firm, have renewed scrutiny about how the Supreme Court approaches questions of potential conflicts of interest with the cases that the justices are reviewing. Thomas stands next to Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito as Alito shakes hands with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice prior to the State of the Union speech in January 2006. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas on Friday called for overturning the constitutional rights the court had affirmed for access to contraceptives and . He wrote that stare decisis "is not an inexorable command." Court rulings published in early 2022 show that Clarence Thomas was the only Supreme Court Justice who approved of former President Trump's demand to injunct documents requested by the House. March 20, 2022 - The courts public information office says that Thomas was admitted to Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, DC, on March 18 after experiencing flu-like symptoms that are not COVID-related. Thomas is being treated with intravenous antibiotics for an infection. The Ninth Circuit imposed an injunction on the Trump administration's policy granting asylum only to refugees entering from a designated port of entry, ruling that it violated the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Spike Lee's films also appeal to Thomas, particularly Do the Right Thing and Malcolm X. Thomas has said he would like to meet Lee. My grandfather could barely read. Thomas and Scalia rejected the notion of a Dormant Commerce Clause, also known as the "Negative Commerce Clause". The Kidadl Team is made up of people from different walks of life, from different families and backgrounds, each with unique experiences and nuggets of wisdom to share with you. July 10, 1991 - Jesse Jackson speaks out against Thomass nomination, stating that Thomas has disrespected the leadership heritage of the NAACP. cum laude in English literature. Bush.Clarence Thomas has been serving for 30 years, starting in October 23, 1991. Before venturing into law, Thomas attended seminary school with the aim of becoming a Catholic priest. Nevertheless, Clarence is also known for his contribution to various cases, such as the gun control case regarding the District of Columbia vs. Heller. On average, from 1994 to 2004, Scalia and Thomas had an 87% voting alignment, the highest on the court, followed by Ruth Bader Ginsburg and David Souter's (86%). He was a naturalist from early on, but turned to business when he found that he lacked the funds to finish his studies at Amherst College. The hobbies and interests of Clarence Thomas are currently not listed. Clarence Dally is the first person known to have died from exposure to X-rays. Since 2010, Thomas has dissented from denial of certiorari in several Second Amendment cases. He found that the forfeiture in this case was clearly intended as a punishment at least in part, was "grossly disproportional" and violated the Excessive Fines Clause. Some legal scholars have called Thomas's views on race and the constitution "idiosyncratic," "pessimistic," or "fatalistic." Clarence Thomas, best known for being a Supreme Court Justice, was born in Georgia, United States on Wednesday, June 23, 1948. However, a few earnings come from his acting roles. We should not forget that Thurgood Marshall, Justice Thomas's predecessor on the Supreme Court, and the first African-American appointed, was also sharply criticized during his appointment process and in his early days on the Court. Justice Thomas laments SCOTUS leak:'Kind of an infidelity', SCOTUS NY gun law decision:Supreme Court strikes down NY gun law, making it easier for Americans to carry handguns, Understanding SCOTUS leak:Five crucial sections in the draft decision to overturn Roe v. Wade. Thomas was recalled before the committee. Dates of Cancer are June 21 - July 22. He believes federal legislators have overextended the clause, while some of his critics argue that his position on congressional authority would invalidate much of the federal government's contemporary work. From 1974 to 1977, he was an assistant attorney general of Missouri under state Attorney General John Danforth, a fellow Yale alumnus. Statistics compiled annually by Tom Goldstein of SCOTUSblog demonstrate that Greenhouse's count is methodology-specific, counting non-unanimous cases where Scalia and Thomas voted for the same litigant, regardless of whether they got there by the same reasoning. Now, the truth is that there's nothing all that surprising about the fact that Clarence Thomas is black and conservative. Anders Celsius was a renowned Swedish astronomer and professor at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744. Education Being ambitious to pursue a law career, Clarence Thomas enrolled in law school. Johnson, would you be kind enough to tell me whether or not you exercised any peremptorieswere any peremptories exercised by the defendant?, May 28, 2019 - Thomas writes a 20-page agreement to the Indiana abortion law warning his colleagues of the potential that abortion could become a tool of eugenic manipulation.. Well, the water was the same. Clarence Thomas was born on June 23, 1948. Additionally, she has her own line with the company, named the Queen Collection. Thomas spoke favorably about stare decisisthe principle that the Court is bound by its preceding decisionsduring his confirmation hearings, saying, "stare decisis provides continuity to our system, it provides predictability, and in our process of case-by-case decision making, I think it is a very important and critical concept." In Doggett v. United States, the defendant had technically been a fugitive from the time he was indicted in 1980 until his arrest in 1988. There are so many people who have this idea of who I am because I'm black. Since the death of Antonin Scalia, Thomas has been the Court's foremost originalist, stressing the original meaning in interpreting the Constitution. Thomas's votein one of his first cases after joining the Courtwas an early example of his willingness to be the sole dissenter (Scalia later joined the opinion). Clarence Thomas, best known for being a Supreme Court Justice, was born in Georgia, United States on Wednesday, June 23, 1948. Clarence Thomas. In Adarand Constructors v. Pea, for example, he wrote, "there is a 'moral [and] constitutional equivalence' between laws designed to subjugate a race and those that distribute benefits on the basis of race in order to foster some current notion of equality. Allowing the group to meet, the court ruled, did not violate the First Amendment's prohibition on the government endorsing religion. June 3, 2019 - Thomas dismisses a rumor that he is retiring. 1. Presidents Adams and Jefferson also died the same year, 1826; President . Interesting Erwin Chargaff Facts: Erwin Chargaff was born in Czernowitz in Austria-Hungary, now Chernivitsi, Ukraine. Thus, he is 74 years old as of 2022. In March 2022, texts between Ginni Thomas and Trump's chief of staff Mark Meadows from 2020 were turned over to the Select Committee on the January 6 Attack. He had to have both of his hands amputated but eventually died from cancer. Meanwhile, Danforth prepared Clarence for the Supreme Court.In 1981, Clarence was nominated by then president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, as the Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights. His mother had to work hard to cover the entire daily expense for the family. Reflecting the skepticism of some committee members, Senator Alan K. Simpson asked why Hill met, dined with, and spoke by phone with Thomas on various occasions after they no longer worked together. Associate Justice Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving of the justices, having sat on the Supreme Court for more than thirty years . Kidadl provides inspiration to entertain and educate your children. He has one son from his first marriage. The first thing to know about Clarence Thomas is that everybody at the Supreme Court loves him. Political science scholar Corey Robin and Thomas biographer Scott Douglas Gerber have opined that critics such as Jeffrey Toobin have been unusually vitriolic toward Thomas. His sister and brother were named: Emma Mae and Myers. He has made public his belief that all limits on federal campaign contributions are unconstitutional and should be struck down. He practiced law for a short time in Missouri, then was an assistant to the attorney general and a corporate attorney before becoming an aide to Senator John Danforth (1979-81). Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas's first language was Gullah, a type of creole spoken by African-Americans in South Carolina. Clarences birth flower is Rose and birthstone is Pearl, Moonstone and Alexandrite. For example, his opinion for the Court in Board of Education v. Earls upheld drug testing for students involved in extracurricular activities, and he wrote again for the Court in Samson v. California, permitting random searches on parolees. After watching Thomas, Hill and their witnesses testify, 58% of Americans said they believed Thomas, while only 24% said they believed Hill. Clarence Thomas served at the court for about 29 years. They can always react properly before the worst circumstances take place. In contrast to Scaliawho had been the only other staunch originalisthe pursues a more classically liberal variety of originalism. Some of his works include My Grandfathers Son: A Memoir in 2007, Personal Responsibility in 1999, 'Why Federalism Matters in 1999, Punishment And Personhood in 2020, and more. We will continue to update details on Clarence Thomass family. In 1975, when Thomas read economist Thomas Sowell's Race and Economics, he found an intellectual foundation for his philosophy. In 2012, Thomas received an honorary degree from the College of the Holy Cross, his alma mater. When asked how Americans and Congress could better foster friendships despite differing ideologies, Thomas replies, Well, Im just worried about keeping it at the court now. A Warner Bros. 1, Thomas joined the opinion of Chief Justice Roberts, who wrote that "[t]he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race." Raised by his maternal grandparents as a devout Catholic, and was sent to an all-Black Catholic school run by nuns. Take a look at a few facts about Carson's inspiring life. How much does Clarence Thomas earn per year? His place of birth was Pin Point, Georgia. Thomas was born on 23 June 1948. Clarence initially wanted to join the priesthood, and this is why he enrolled himself into the Immaculate Conception Seminary. He would become the most powerful Black man in America, using the astonishing power . Personal Birth date: June 23, 1948 Birth. Thomas has said that he left the seminary in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Myers Anderson had little formal education but built a thriving fuel oil business that also sold ice. Clarence is the only justice of the Supreme Court who administered as Grand Marshall in the 500-mi (804.6 km) long motor race known as the Daytona 500. When you buy through the links on our site we may earn a commission. At Holy Cross, he was a member of Alpha Sigma Nu and the Purple Key Society. Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. His net worth comes from his earnings as an attorney, Judge, and lawyer. Early last month Amazon deleted a documentary film about Justice Clarence Thomas from its popular streaming service. The court held that a Louisiana statute violated the Due Process Clause "because it allows an insanity acquittee to be committed to a mental institution until he is able to demonstrate that he is not dangerous to himself and others, even though he does not suffer from any mental illness." Judge Clarence Thomas once argued that a burning cross should not enjoy First Amendment protection, saying, "There's no other purpose to the cross, no communication, no particular message. According to a New York Times editorial, "from 1994 to 2005 Justice Thomas voted to overturn federal laws in 34 cases and Justice Scalia in 31, compared with just 15 for Justice Stephen Breyer.". 101+ Interesting Pyschological Facts Most People Don't Know. According to Scalia, Thomas "doesn't believe in stare decisis, period." He was admitted to the Missouri bar on September 13, 1974. All Rights Reserved. American businessman and inventor whose name became synonymous with frozen foods. Clarence Thomas: Top 10 Must-Know Facts About Supreme Court Justice. He was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to succeed Thurgood Marshall and has served since 1991. From 1928 to 1930 Chargaff did post doctoral work at Yale . Some critics downplay the significance of originalism in Thomas's jurisprudence and say Thomas applies originalism in his decisions inconsistently. On average, Clarence Thomas's salary is about $220,000. He expressed doubt that those cases were decided correctly but concluded that since the litigants in the case at bar had not briefed or argued that the earlier cases be overruled, he believed that the Court should assume their validity and rule accordingly. The absolute worst I have ever been treated. Clarences family house caught fire and burned to ashes when he was a kid. The high court announced Sunday evening that the 73-year-old justice had entered the hospital Friday after experiencing "flu-like symptoms" and underwent tests. ), Yale Law School (J.D.) Thomas was the only African-American member of Danforth's staff. Regardless, Clarence has made some headlines that have put him in a very bizarre position during his career.He is the second Associate Justice in the Supreme Court, after Thurgood, to hold this position as an African-American. After graduating from that school, Clarence went to Immaculate Conception Abbey, and later he was transferred to the Holy Cross College, which is situated in Massachusetts where he studied English literature. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas went 10 YEARS (2006-2016) without asking a single question while hearing cases. 2023 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. Thomas has given many reasons for his silence, including self-consciousness about how he speaks, a preference for listening to those arguing the case, and difficulty getting in a word. Published Works: "My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir" (2007) Spouses: Kathy Ambush (m. 1971-1984) , Virginia Lamp (m. 1987) He has also composed the decision of the conservative majority in the case of Milford Central School. Thomas had a series of deferments from the military draft while at Holy Cross. He succeeded David Souter, who succeeded Anthony Kennedy. In addition to Hill and Thomas, the committee heard from several other witnesses over the course of three days, October 1113, 1991. He was the second of three children born to M. C. Thomas, a farm worker, and Leola "Pigeon" Williams, a domestic worker. Concurring, Thomas wrote, "if our history has taught us anything, it has taught us to beware of elites bearing racial theories", and charged that the dissent carried "similarities" to the arguments of the segregationist litigants in Brown v. Board of Education. The untold story of Clarence Thomas' first wife. McEwen wrote a tell-all expose of the intimate details of their relationship. He abandoned his aspiration of becoming a clergyman to attend the College of the Holy Cross and, later, Yale Law School, where he was influenced by a number of conservative authors, notably Thomas Sowell, who dramatically shifted his worldview from progressive to conservative. Gerber likewise writes. Law professor Michael Gerhardt has said that Scalia's characterization of Thomas may be incorrect, given that Thomas has supported leaving a broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact. According to the same critic, Thomas generally declines to engage in judicial lawmaking, viewing the Court's constitutional role as the interpretation of law, rather than making law. According to law professor Ann Althouse, the court has yet to move toward "the broader, more principled version of federalism propounded by Justice Thomas.". In a very real sense, Clarence and Ginni Thomas are answerable only to Clarence and Ginni Thomas. No one in Thomas's family had attended college. Thomas is often described as an originalist and as a textualist. Education Clarence Thomas went in law school because he wanted to be a lawyer. Thomas was as assistant attorney generalin Missouri in 1974. Thomas's father left the family when Thomas was two years old. He began working for Danforth again in 1979. Thomas agreed with the judgment in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) that the right to keep and bear arms is applicable to state and local governments, but he wrote a separate concurrence finding that an individual's right to bear arms is fundamental as a privilege of American citizenship under the Privileges or Immunities Clause rather than as a fundamental right under the due process clause. This followed Thomas's initial protestations against becoming a judge. That journey ended when Thomas became dismayed at the reaction of fellow seminary students to the assassination of the Rev. Thomas was born in 1948 in Pin Point, Georgiaa small, predominantly black community near Savannah founded by freedmen after the Civil War. A native of Pin Point, Georgia, raised during the Jim Crow era,Thomas became the second Black Supreme Court justice after Thurgood Marshall. 1. Then he was nominated to replace Marshalls seat on the United States Supreme Court on 1st July 1991. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, he was the only justice to agree with the Fourth Circuit that Congress had the power to authorize the president's detention of U.S. citizens who are enemy combatants. Journalist Evan Thomas once opined that Thomas was "openly ambitious for higher office" during his tenure at the EEOC. Thomas has written the majority opinion in a 54 case 40 times and the dissenting opinion in an 81 case 30 times. 1977-1979 - Attorney for Monsanto Corporation in St. Louis, Missouri. He would often be quoted by Clarence Thomas, causing Dwayne McDuffie his Liberal writer to develop writer's block. The Black Nationalist Behind Justice Thomas's Constitutionalism.". The four justices in the plurality opinion specifically rejected incorporation under the privileges or immunities clause, "declin[ing] to disturb" the holding in the Slaughter-House Cases, which, according to the plurality, had held that the clause applied only to federal matters. He was an assistant to Thomas Edison on a new x-ray machine. Edison refused to work with x-rays ever again. Clarence was an American slave descendant who spoke Gullah as a first language. Did you encounter any technical issues? On October 30, 1989, President George H. W. Bush nominated Thomas to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, following Robert Bork's departure. Clarences journey as a Federal Judge began on October 30, 1989 when he was nominated by President George Bush to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Thomas was succeeded by Harry Singleton.
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