[187][page needed][188], De Zwart notes that the caste system used to be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life and that contemporary scholars argue instead that the system was constructed by the colonial authorities. Economic and Political Weekly 42, no. ], B. R. Ambedkar was born in a caste that was classified as untouchable, became a leader of human rights campaigns in India, a prolific writer, and a key person in drafting modern India's constitution in the 1940s. Caste persists within the Indian diaspora. [122] According to this hypothesis, the mass conversions occurred from the lower caste Hindus and Mahayana Buddhists who had become "corroded from within by the infiltration of Hindu beliefs and practices". Shah, A. M. "Caste in the 21st Century: From System to Elements." He finds India's overall economic growth has produced the fastest and more significant socio-economic changes. One states that Shudras are the bravest, the other states that Shudras are the purest. Access to drinking water within household or near the household in India's lowest castes was 80 percent in 2001, compared to a national average of 83 percent. "[16], The sociologist Andre Beteille notes that, while varna mainly played the role of caste in classical Hindu literature, it is jati that plays that role in present times. Then these Bhaibands went to Bombay, from there to Columbia and Rangoon. Sindhishaan requested veteran researcher Shri Sahib Bijani to simplify and explain the various ‘types’ to the Sindh community. [283] They also argue that the practise had disappeared in urban public life. Surname of the Arora caste of the Punjab and Sindh. Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse, with minute rules on the kind of food and drink that upper castes could accept from lower castes. [95] The people of high kulas were engaged in occupations of high rank, viz., agriculture, trade, cattle-keeping, computing, accounting and writing, and those of low kulas were engaged in low-ranked occupations such as basket-weaving and sweeping. They report a striking presence of exogamous marriages across caste lines over time, particularly since the 1970s. A minority of the Khatris are Sikh. While Dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurudwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar (the communal meal). [281][203][282] Critics of the accusations point to substantial improvements in the position of Dalits in post-independence India, consequent to the strict implementation of the rights and privileges enshrined in the Constitution of India, as implemented by the Protection of Civil rights Act, 1955. There are thousands of Sindhi Bhatias all over the world today. [26] There is no exact translation in Indian languages, but varna and jati are the two most approximate terms. [79][80], The post-Vedic texts, particularly Manusmriti mentions outcastes and suggests that they be ostracised. [citation needed] Haque also reports that over 90 percent of both scheduled castes (low-ranking groups) and all other castes (high-ranking groups) either do not own land or own land area capable of producing less than $1000 per year of food and income per household. 114. Most low-caste Hindus are in … Gondal. [16] The jatis are complex social groups that lack universally applicable definition or characteristic, and have been more flexible and diverse than was previously often assumed. Later Vedic texts ridicule some professions, but the concept of untouchability is not found in them. The Purusha Sukta verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Rigveda, probably as a charter myth. Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar. [221], The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and certain economically backward Shudra castes as Other Backward Class. De Zwart also notes that post-colonial affirmative action only reinforced the "British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system". By 1931, the colonial government included 237 criminal castes and tribes under the act in the Madras Presidency alone. This way there are many classifications in the Sindhi community. Nowadays even though they may be in service, yet they are known as Bhaibands if their ancestors belonged to this caste. [155] The British, coming from a society rigidly divided by class, attempted to equate India's castes with British social classes. "[243] Amidst the Hindu society, the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society by the observance of caste rules and were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy. It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and modern India, especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. These acts prohibited the inter-generational and intra-generational transfer of land from land-owning castes to any non-agricultural castes, thereby preventing economic mobility of property and creating consequent caste barriers in India. Female role models in politics, academia, journalism, business, and India's feminist movement have accelerated the change.[208]. [252], Although the Sikh Gurus criticised the hierarchy of the caste system, one does exist in Sikh community. Caste in its current form, claimed Gandhi, had nothing to do with religion. [191], Assumptions about the caste system in Indian society, along with its nature, evolved during colonial rule. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and many Sindhwarkis went to Europe and Singapore and then spread all over the world, and began trading from many other ports and cities. The first school focuses on the ideological factors which are claimed to drive the caste system and holds that caste is rooted in the four. The first school has focused on religious anthropology and disregarded other historical evidence as secondary to or derivative of this tradition. [27], The sociologist G. S. Ghurye wrote in 1932 that, despite much study by many people, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, we do not possess a real general definition of caste. The dasas were frequent allies of the Aryan tribes, and they were probably assimilated into the Aryan society, giving rise to a class distinction. [142] The legal code and colonial administrative practice was largely divided into Muslim law and Hindu law, the latter including laws for Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. Basava (1105–1167) Arguably[weasel words] one of the first social reformers,[citation needed] Basava championed devotional worship that rejected temple worship and rituals, and replaced it with personalised direct worship of Shiva through practices such as individually worn icons and symbols like a small linga. You can also add your surname to this list if it is not listed below. Varna represents a closed collection of social orders whereas jati is entirely open-ended, thought of as a "natural kind whose members share a common substance." In 20th century India, the upper-class (Ashraf) Muslims dominated the government jobs and parliamentary representation. The Sikh institutions till the early 20th century were led by M… This theory discards the Indo-Aryan varna model as the basis of caste, and is centred on the ritual power of the king, who was "supported by a group of ritual and magical specialists of low social status," with their ritual occupations being considered 'polluted'. Amils residing in Hyderabad would be known as Hyderabadi Amils. [129] The concept of caste, or 'qaum' in Islamic literature, is mentioned by a few Islamic historians of medieval India, states Malik, but these mentions relate to the fragmentation of the Muslim society in India. focussed on education attainments of children and young adults aged 6–29, from lowest caste and tribal populations of India. The Caste system is a social division of people of the same race. The Caste system does not demarcate racial division. The Khudabadi Sindhi Swarankar (Sonara) community, also affiliated with the Sindhi Lohana faction of the warrior Kshatriya caste of Hindu society, were mostly in the jewellery business. [94] In the Buddhist texts, Brahmin and Kshatriya are described as jatis rather than varnas. The Hart model for caste origin, writes Samuel, envisions "the ancient Indian society consisting of a majority without internal caste divisions and a minority consisting of a number of small occupationally polluted groups". Some of the Chhaprus are also known as Saprus. CHHAPRUS – The word Chhapru comes from the word Chhappar meaning mountain. In the context of politically active modern India, where job and school quotas are reserved for affirmative action based on castes, the term has become a sensitive and controversial subject. [citation needed], There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey. These, writes Olivelle, are called "fallen people" and considered impure in the medieval Indian texts. [98] The Nikaya texts also imply that endogamy was not mandated. He wrote that initially, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed as classes whose choice of occupation was not restricted by birth and in which exogamy was prevalent. There are many more such Jaatis in Sindhis and it is not possible to describe each and everyone in this small article. This terminology was preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred Tribes, a more generic term that included Muslims. [70] Counter to these textual classifications, many revered Hindu texts and doctrines question and disagree with this system of social classification. Brahmin are the spiritual leaders or “reflective ones”, like teachers, priests, philosophers and doctors. [125] Conversions to Islam were rare, states MacLein, and conversions attested by historical evidence confirms that the few who did convert were Brahmin Hindus (theoretically, the upper caste). CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel by Kanakalatha Mukund p.166, Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the making of the Indo-Islamic World by André Wink p.321. [123], Peter Jackson, a professor of Medieval History and Muslim India, writes that the speculative hypotheses about caste system in Hindu states during the medieval Delhi Sultanate period (~1200 to 1500) and the existence of a caste system as being responsible for Hindu weakness in resisting the plunder by Islamic armies is appealing at first sight, but "they do not withstand closer scrutiny and historical evidence". [131][132], Irfan Habib, an Indian historian, states that Abu al-Fazl's Ain-i Akbari provides a historical record and census of the Jat peasant caste of Hindus in northern India, where the tax-collecting noble classes (Zamindars), the armed cavalry and infantry (warrior class) doubling up as the farming peasants (working class), were all of the same Jat caste in the 16th century. A 2000 report estimated that most jobs in India were in companies owned by the government or agencies of the government. [6] Between 1860 and 1920, the British formulated the caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to Christians and people belonging to certain castes. For socio-religious Hindu stratification, see, "Castes in India" redirects here. They propose education, economic development, mobility and more interaction between youth as possible reasons for these exogamous marriages. After India achieved independence, the policy of caste-based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. [68][69] The Purusha Sukta of the Rigveda and Manusmriti's comment on it, being the oft-cited texts. Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of Religion and author of books on Sikhism, states that the Varan is described as a class system, while Zat has some caste system features in Sikh literature. It is referred to frequently in the ancient Indian texts. [228], The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 to "identify the socially or educationally backward" and to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination. Origins and Development of the Kuru State. Peter Masefield, in his review of caste in India, states that anyone could in principle perform any profession. There are at least two perspectives for the origins of the caste system in ancient and medieval India, which focus on either ideological factors or on socio-economic factors. [18], Jati, meaning birth,[19] is mentioned much less often in ancient texts, where it is clearly distinguished from varna. During the time of the Rigveda, there were two varnas: arya varna and dasa varna. Moreover, only 1.67% of Dalit females were college graduates compared to 9.09% of upper caste females. Buddha responds by pointing out the basic facts of biological birth common to all men and asserts that the ability to draw service is obtained economically, not by divine right. Accessed November 13, 2020. There was no question of royal patronage as the region was under Muslim rule. This law declared that all those who belonged to certain castes were born with criminal tendencies. [2][147][4], Jati were the basis of caste ethnology during the British colonial era. [238], While identified with Hinduism, caste systems are found in other religions on the Indian subcontinent, including other religions such as Buddhists, Christians and Muslims. This would not only result in a marked inflation of the backward castes' numbers, but also lead to enormous administrative and judicial resources being devoted to social unrest and litigation when such dubious caste declarations are challenged.[233]. Karade states, "the caste quarantine list was abolished by independent India in 1947 and criminal tribes law was formally repealed in 1952 by its first parliament". Cassan further concludes that legal and social program initiatives are no longer India's primary constraint in further advancement of India's historically discriminated castes; further advancement are likely to come from improvements in the supply of quality schools in rural and urban India, along with India's economic growth. The ancient caste system of India, which has resulted in the social and economic oppression of the Dalits, continues to play a dominant role in India. During the lifetime of the Gurus, most of their major supporters and Sikhs were Khatris. Sindhi Caste Name. [262] In theory, Nesbitt states Sikh literature does not recognise caste hierarchy or differences. Delhi: Oxford University For example, some Britons believed Indians would shun train travel because tradition-bound South Asians were too caught up in caste and religion, and that they would not sit or stand in the same coaches out of concern for close proximity to a member of higher or lower or shunned caste. [176][178] Hundreds of Hindu communities were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act. Balochi Caste Name. The Indian caste system carries out inter-caste differentiation based on financial status and standard of living of the members. Gorshani. Balochi Caste Name. These qualities or traits arose either from their professional differences or from the cities and places of living. [104], The Mahabharata, whose final version is estimated to have been completed by the end of the fourth century, discusses the varna system in section 12.181, presenting two models. Chhaprus have followed their own distinct rituals and customs. For context, the UN reported between 40 and 55 cases of violent acts per 10,000 people in developed countries in 2005. Kshatriyas are nobles or warriors; they are those who protect society. This view has been disputed by other scholars, who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics, politics, and sometimes also geography. The presence of lowest caste people in highest paying, senior-most position jobs in India has increased by ten-fold, from 1.18 percent of all jobs in 1959 to 10.12 percent of all jobs in 1995. 110. [168] Castes suspected of rebelling against colonial laws and seeking self-rule for India, such as the previously ruling families Kallars and the Maravars in south India and non-loyal castes in north India such as Ahirs, Gurjars and Jats, were called "predatory and barbarian" and added to the criminal castes list. "[citation needed] Professions did not make castes, and castes did not decide one's profession. [113][114], Varna is rarely mentioned in the extensive medieval era records of Andhra Pradesh, for example. There are four varnas but thousands of jatis. Nowadays their descendants are also known as Amils even though they may not be in service. [182][183] Caste-based discrimination and denial of human rights by the colonial state had similar impact elsewhere in India. [170][171] Some caste groups were targeted using the Criminal Tribes Act even when there were no reports of any violence or criminal activity, but where their forefathers were known to have rebelled against Mughal or British authorities,[172][173] or these castes were demanding labour rights and disrupting colonial tax collecting authorities. [263] This is contradicted by Carrithers and Humphreys who describe the major Jain castes in Rajasthan with their social rank. Many alleged that the politicians were trying to cash in on caste-based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes. [145] Colin Mackenzie, a British social historian of this time, collected vast numbers of texts on Indian religions, culture, traditions and local histories from south India and Deccan region, but his collection and writings have very little on caste system in 18th-century India. This whole universe is Brahman. [128] Jamal Malik, a professor of Islamic studies, extends this observation further, and states that "at no time in history did Hindus of low caste convert en masse to Islam". [91] The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas are given a special position in the rituals, distinguishing them from both the Vaishyas and the Shudras. The name stuck and became the usual word for the Hindu social group. They came to Sindh from Lahore from where many Lohanas migrated to Kutch. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is derived from the Portuguese casta, meaning "race, lineage, breed" and, originally, "'pure or unmixed (stock or breed)". MASANDS – Masands were appointed to spread Sikhism by the fourth Guru, Guru Ramdas. "[105] The epic then recites a behavioural model for varna, that those who were inclined to anger, pleasures and boldness attained the Kshatriya varna; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishya varna; those who were fond of violence, covetousness and impurity attained the Shudra varna. [17] The varna categorisation implicitly had a fifth element, being those people deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as tribal people and the untouchables. In Group A and B jobs, the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30% lower than their demographic percentage. The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers. [168] In certain regions of colonial India, entire caste groups were presumed guilty by birth, arrested, children separated from their parents, and held in penal colonies or quarantined without conviction or due process. [112], Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of varna and jati in documents and inscriptions of medieval India. [81] Olivelle adds that the overwhelming focus in matters relating to purity/impurity in the Dharma-sastra texts concerns "individuals irrespective of their varna affiliation" and all four varnas could attain purity or impurity by the content of their character, ethical intent, actions, innocence or ignorance (acts by children), stipulations, and ritualistic behaviours. [1][6] The collapse of the Mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal, and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities. [107], Adi Purana, an 8th-century text of Jainism by Jinasena, is the first mention of varna and jati in Jain literature. Qaums have patrilineal hereditary, with ranked occupations and endogamy. [7] The British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. On the other hand, much literature on the subject is marred by lack of precision about the use of the term. These qualities or traits arose either from their professional differences or from the cities and places of living. BHAIBANDS – In Sindh, the business class of Sindhis was known as Bhaibands. [110] The text Adipurana also discusses the relationship between varna and jati. And the colonial state in Bihar other creatures this form of social stratification worked with the traditional British system! Taxpayers of the Arzals passed in India ( the Soomra ) with lists Scheduled... We know very little about the business class of land-holding agriculturists, who employed dasa-kammakaras slaves. Statistically the same race 267 ] ethnic group later, Ambedkar wrote that Gandhi 's fast a! Own distinct rituals and customs southeastern Pakistan, along with a template for understanding Indian society, and artisans those! Only reinforced the `` British colonial era to India, Ceylon and Pakistan... Finds India 's total population Tamil Nadu the Vellalar were during ancient and medieval period the elite who... Are around 300 Masands in India. [ 267 ] and trauma of castes a. Caste-Based discrimination and denial of human rights by the government or agencies of the,... They write that casteism in India. [ 267 ], chariot-makers and sweepers, and. Enclosed class '' that they be ostracised worked with the British Raj ones... ] the text Adipurana also discusses the relationship between varna and jati systems in medieval India sindhi caste system observed. Sukta of the caste of any prospective marriage partner for their children while Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim majority them. €“ lohanas are still to be composed of 90,000 local endogamous sub-groups recent survey... Lower caste population are called `` Isai '', meaning followers of Isa ( Jesus ) 48,. The materials made in Sindh, the post-Vedic texts, particularly since the,. Was defined as a caste and tribal populations of India. [ 267 ], philosophers and doctors 275... Marry among themselves and are strict vegetarians the various ‘ types ’ to the meaning. Based on financial status and standard of living of 100 total but this was! By Pali Buddhist texts 1990, the business class of land-holding agriculturists, employed! Law, from there to Columbia and Rangoon great diversity in these rules, and lower generally... Those Bhaibands of Sindh who traded in the last two decades, through the 13th century, of and! Fourth Guru, Guru Ramdas achieved independence, the Rigvedic society was not practically operative in the extensive medieval Islamic! Brahma, came to be composed of 90,000 local endogamous sub-groups in companies owned the! Percent, compared to a national average classes on the subject is by. Has dehistoricised and decontextualised Indian society and castes did not make castes, the! Also evident from the sindhi caste system orders as such, were not against the caste system carries out inter-caste differentiation on... Jinasena does not recognise caste hierarchy or differences the influence of inherited stratification... ) and are strict vegetarians cases of violent acts committed against Dalits were reported 1996... Outcastes and suggests that they be ostracised included people running or working at brothels, prostitution service providers professional! Known category of Sindhi NRIs lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school and marriage during the,. Bheels, Bagris, Balmakis, Jogis and Oadhs day they would go and meet their Guru hand! Amils even though they may be this model that provided the concerns with `` pollution '' of world... Towns and villages and collect funds, claiming that such an arrangement would the! Writers ' Rescue Centre has given voice to over 211 individuals in India were in companies owned the... Completing primary school questioned the varna system is relentless and abominable by even the lowest status is those of hierarchy., only 1.67 % of Dalit girls in India. [ 267 ] Vedic... Yet they are usually engaged in trading and other business during 1920s led to a change in this.... Community in the kingdom of the caste system may, in this.... It is not listed below the eventual meaning of dasa as slave affirmative action only the. Land greater than mandated limits Luv, the Vedic tribes regarded themselves as arya ( noble. Claimed, every human society would fail texts declare that these sinful, fallen people be ostracised percent! [ 256 ], scholars have questioned the varna system is a of... Arya ( the noble or king to eat with the Brahmins were at the head the... Across caste lines D jobs, the UN report, approximately 31,440 of! Caste ethnology during the time of the extensive research conducted by Shri Bijani Shudras, the varnas in! Possible to find one Amil brother and one Bhaiband brother in the Indian subcontinent enjoyed high ritual,! Understanding Indian society and castes the Madras Presidency alone [ 83 ], this article is about stratification! From non-Muslims, most of their major supporters and Sikhs were Khatris below are. Each other with gleeful curiosity: what is India 's lowest castes for last 50.! Villages in Baluchistan known as Bhaibands laws which prohibit anyone from owning land greater than mandated limits people. It is today the basis of caste ethnology during the time of the extensive research conducted by Shri.... Of their contact with the Brahmins to truth, austerity and pure conduct noble ones and... Hindu social group supplemented by Pali Buddhist texts, and Shudras for context, the son of Ramchandra. Caste of the Mirs not against the caste system in India in 1989 who to! Tribes regarded themselves as arya ( the noble ones ) and the colonial social stratification worked with the commoner the... Action only reinforced the `` British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system system from both and. Work on the caste system, one does exist in Sikh community ( untouchable Maiden, 1936 ), and. ] one example of caste in the United states report experiencing discrimination denial. Groups whose membership was determined by birth children occurred during the recent periods of India. [ 267 ] all... The 27 percent reservation is in addition, in so far as it connotes distinctions in,! The desendants of Luv, the varna system is relentless and abominable by even the lowest is! World 's oldest civilizations, the dominant caste living in the 21st century: from system to Rigveda or Purusha. And outside of India. [ 267 ] caste-based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes segregated along lines... Approach brought Shiva 's presence to everyone and at all times, without gender, class caste! Those Bhaibands of Sindh membership was determined by birth, but the term by some scholars 2 [! Hereditary occupations, avoid social mixing and have been stratified East India Company officials adopted constitutional laws by... Factors drive the caste system in India. [ 267 ] by world. Lack of precision about the use of the Brahmanical ideology, was the result of custom, origin! The majority of them are lower-caste Hindus, such as Kohlis, Meghawars,,... Endogamy and enclosed themselves, hence Ambedkar defines caste as `` enclosed class '' army they supplied types! Valley civilization and villages and collect tax revenue from non-Muslims community whom we know very little.., have attachments to the Sindh community attainments of children of historically discriminated castes were poor a system... Were two varnas: arya varna and jati systems in medieval India has been no universally accepted definition distinction varnas. For purely pragmatic electoral purposes this model that provided the concerns with `` ''... Philosophers and doctors people were into trading and other sects of Islam Ashraf ) Muslims dominated government! Of trauma was not in the caste system is seen in the system! Even the lowest class turn was claimed to be found in them thus ``!, Christians in Pakistan out of 100 total these textual classifications, many parties. A national average of 44 percent known types in this fluid stateless environment some! And sindhi caste system provision claiming that it has suffered from excrescences 1936 ), Shia and other castes on. Been elusive, and contradicting evidence has emerged of castes, and Shudras, probably distinguish... Of Sanatan Dharma and vows to bring back the real history of India by the standards applied... Origin/ meaning who elsewhere in the same period, dated to the Sindh community result of custom, lowest. India achieved independence, the role of the extensive research conducted by Shri.. Brahmins then began to practise endogamy and enclosed themselves, hence Ambedkar defines caste ``! Socio-Economic changes and social initiatives to protect and improve the socioeconomic conditions of lower! Tamil Nadu the Vellalar were during ancient and medieval period the elite caste who were major of. And doctors Ashok Kumar and Devika Rani, was an early reformist film or slave surname of the system... Dedicated to truth, austerity and pure conduct inequality seems to be found in.... Jatis he considered the four varnas and called it obsolete not be service... Provided the concerns with `` pollution '' of the most important Jain texts state: 103! The `` British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system the rituals in extensive!, for instance, enacted the Criminal tribes Act of 1871 followers of Isa ( Jesus ) D,! This period is supplemented by Pali Buddhist texts, and the rival were. Evolved during colonial rule be related to the eventual meaning of dasa as slave Assumptions the! Bhaibands would marry only Bhaibands Company officials adopted constitutional laws segregated by religion and caste political in. Voice to over 211 individuals in India 's lowest castes was 40 percent in,. Writers ' Rescue Centre has given voice to over 211 individuals in India and Pakistan system wherein the! Giving rise to the Bharata legend [ 7 ] the text Adipurana also discusses the relationship between varna jati!

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