In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. [114] In the new German nation, a Kulturkampf (187278) that followed political, economic, and administrative unification attempted to address, with a remarkable lack of success, some of the contradictions in German society. 47 and Conclusion. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (18151866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info.collegeboard.org. The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France, which then formally transferred control to Italy. As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hardsurfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometers (2,400mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometers (10,300mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . [93] He approached the Prussian king directly while Wilhelm was vacationing in Ems Spa, demanding that the King release a statement saying he would never support the installation of a Hohenzollern on the throne of Spain. Nor was it by any means inevitable that the more than 100 independent German principalities, kingdoms, free cities, and archbishoprics would coalesce under Prussian leadership into a unified, modern, national political entity. [46] Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome, the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. G.Wawro. Catholics comprised almost 40 percent of unified Germany's population, with most of them concentrated along the Rhine River and in Bavaria. AP European History. No German state is permitted to distinguish between its citizens and other Germans. For the most part, these Polish-speaking Catholics did not assimilate into German culture, and Bismarck often dealt with the Poles in a brutal manner, eventually expelling large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885. With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon III's failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. The Polish members of the Reichstag, like the French and Danish members, organized into their own voting bloc to protest Germany's policies toward national minorities. Austria and the German Unification : Napoleon 's German Confederation, concerns Metternich about German unification, he works hard to prevent, I 819 : Karls bad Decrees : cracked down an liberalism and . Applegate, Celia. They were intended to develop a mythic national history for the new empire, which had no actual political history on which to construct a national identity. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. . Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former alliesparticularly the southern German states of Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavariawould join in the cause. The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. [35] He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia (a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmtz in Moravia. The Unification of Germany and Italy - Students of History With skilful manipulation of European politics, Bismarck created a situation in which France would play the role of aggressor in German affairs, while Prussia would play that of the protector of German rights and liberties.[90]. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. 432; Holt, p. 75. "Comparison and Beyond. His guides also included distances, roads to avoid, and hiking paths to follow. The Austrian army therefore faced the technologically superior Prussian army with support only from Saxony. Ukrainian Forces Hold On In Bakhmut, Kyiv Says, Despite Russian Claims Early in his career, Wagner identified with the socialist movement and supported the Revolution of 1848 in Germany. German Unification Before 1870 Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. The Bavarian king, Ludwig II, who was one of the last German princes to agree to join the Prussian-dominated German Empire, provided the majority of the funds for its construction. Constructing Class and Nationality in Alsace, 1830-1945. It also required a rethinking of political, social, and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about "us" and "them". . Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany, since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs-free access to the coast (which gave access to international markets). March 2, 2023 2:09 AM PT. For a writing assignment, ask students to write a review of the piece, including comments on its political connotations for a newspaper affiliated with one of the major German political groups (see section IV). In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". The operas are based on an ancient German myth, and Wagner hoped that the retelling of this myth in modern operatic form would foster a spirit of German nationalism. No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. Austria's resistance to attempts to unify Germany under Prussian leadership further obstructed unification. [2] Following the formal secession from the Empire of the majority of its constituent states, the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.[3]. [12], Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th-century emergence in Imperial politics. Historians have long debated Bismarck's role in the events leading up to the war. Om. 0. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. AP Euro: German Unification - YouTube AP Euro: Unification Flashcards | Quizlet unification of germany hw AP EURO - UnificationofGermany Meanwhile, center-right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially, a form of loose unification. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire Most European liberals in the Vormrz sought unification under nationalist principles, promoted the transition to capitalism, sought the expansion of male suffrage, among other issues. Howard, Chapter XI: the Peace, pp. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. Italian and German Unification: Crash Course European History #27 "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. France promised aid, but it came late and was insufficient. Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Ki-Zerbo, Joseph [editor] [107], Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs, the German Empire, strictly speaking, federated a group of 26 constituent entities with different forms of government, ranging from the main four constitutional monarchies to the three republican Hanseatic cities. Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. The Mecklenburgs joined in 1867, while Bremen and Hamburg joined in 1888. High-performance computing with distributed processing units to build a platform based cloud solution for quantum chemistry calculations and upper layer use-case applications. G.Wawro. . As a result, Germany after unification was forced to modify and adapt its political situation to accommodate dissenting political opinions and national and religious minorities. Unification of German States - Countries - Office of the Historian German Unification DBQ - AP European History Kaplan, in particular, pp. Denis Mack Smith (editor). The expulsion of Jews from Russia in the 1880s and 1890s complicated integration into the German public sphere. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states allied with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. [22] Promoted as a county fair,[23] its participants celebrated fraternity, liberty, and national unity. The German question is not a constitutional question but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. This sheet contains the Summer Assignments and introduces you to the material we will be studying next year The Textbooks: Spielvogel, Jackson J. Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Wrttemberg. With this constitution, the new Germany acquired some democratic features: notably the Imperial Diet, whichin contrast to the parliament of Prussiagave citizens representation on the basis of elections by direct and equal suffrage of all males who had reached the age of 25. 52% average accuracy. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. In responding to the Schleswig-Holstein Question, they both proved equally diligent in doing so. [27], The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems in Central Europe. [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. Sheehan, pp. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. Bismarck resolved the crisis in favor of the war minister. Rural farmer. This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire. There are no class differences before the law. . A broad investigation into the problem of creating a German national identity outside of Prussia. [60]. [49] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization. Chapter 19 AP Euro | Other Quiz - Quizizz [19] Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. [84] Austria's influence over the German states may have been broken, but the war also splintered the spirit of pan-German unity, as many German states resented Prussian power politics. [41], The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity. The traditional view, promulgated in large part by late 19th- and early 20th-century pro-Prussian historians, maintains that Bismarck's intent was always German unification. AP European History Exam Guide | Fiveable This was only temporary, however, and the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. PDF AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) [122], Mommsen's contributions to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica laid the groundwork for additional scholarship on the study of the German nation, expanding the notion of "Germany" to mean other areas beyond Prussia. In Deutschland, Deutschland ber Alles, officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans"), Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. Students will analyze the creation of the German Empire as constructed "from above" by Prussian leadership through political institutions, economic interest, diplomacy, and war and the consequences of this for political, religious, and nationalistic opponents of German unification. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each [is] separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. He instead created a seating plan by which all seats faced the stage directly. The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature. [40] Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe, indicating places to stay, sites to visit, and giving a short history of castles, battlefields, famous buildings, and famous people. Italy had its own way of unifying. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. Compare And Contrast Martin Luther And Qin Dynasty | ipl.org [86], The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria's attention to the Balkans. Europe (1848-1871): The Revolutions of 1848 (1848) | SparkNotes Furthermore, since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon, he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control. PDF Debates Over Italian Unification Dbq - (PDF) AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 4 Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and Germany, respectively. PDF Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources - AP European history A comparison of the two types of theaters can be demonstrated by showing the traditional floor plan of the Vienna opera house and contrasting it with Wagner's Festspielhaus. [74], The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. [16], The surge of German nationalism, stimulated by the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period and initially allied with liberalism, shifted political, social, and cultural relationships within the German states. Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. Multi-scale modelling of chemical engineering applications and systems optimisation. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. [63], The Crimean War of 185455 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. Although seemingly minor events, the Erfurt Union proposal and the Punctation of Olmtz brought the problems of influence in the German states into sharp focus. The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific pointsreminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlieroverwhelmed French mobilization. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. [105] "Einheit unity was achieved at the expense of Freiheit freedom. Learn about the unification of Germany, a summary, and timeline in European history. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of "clay". Those in authority were concerned about the growing unrest, political and social agitation among the working classes, and the disaffection of the intelligentsia. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo. Europe (1848-1871): Italian Unification (1848-1870) | SparkNotes Italian and German Unification: Crash Course European History #27 Bismarck was also confronted with problems from religious minorities in Germany, especially from Catholics and Jews. This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Wrttemberg and Baden. [58], This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38. These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. [117], The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. Edit. Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38, accession of South German states and constitutional adoption of the name German Empire, Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Constitution of the German Confederation (1871), dissolution of its dominant founding federated state, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Moltke's Theory of War, Modern History Sourcebook: Documents of German Unification, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Germany&oldid=1140984542, Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. [69] While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action, the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of this.